Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) is a critical component of cognitive semantics, shedding light on how humans perceive and conceptualize the world. As outlined by Nguyen Ngoc Vu in "Conceptual Metaphor and Metonymy in Cognitive Semantics," conceptual metaphors extend beyond linguistic expressions, serving as fundamental cognitive frameworks that shape our understanding and thought processes (Vu, 2016). These metaphors enable us to grasp abstract concepts by relating them to more concrete experiences.
Structural metaphors involve mapping the structure of one concept onto another, providing a framework for understanding abstract ideas. For instance, the metaphor "ARGUMENT IS WAR" structures the concept of argument using the domain of war, where elements such as attack, defense, and strategy are applied to the act of arguing. This type of metaphor helps systematically organize our thoughts and communicate complex ideas through more familiar terms.
Orientational metaphors are based on spatial orientations derived from our physical and bodily experiences. These metaphors often organize concepts along axes such as up-down, in-out, or front-back. For example, "HAPPY IS UP" and "SAD IS DOWN" are orientational metaphors reflecting our tendency to associate positive emotions with upward movement and negative emotions with downward movement. These spatial metaphors are deeply rooted in our physical interactions with the world.
Ontological metaphors involve understanding abstract entities as if they were concrete objects or substances. This type of metaphor helps us conceptualize intangible experiences in tangible terms. For example, "THE MIND IS A MACHINE" treats the mind as a physical object that can be turned on, off, or repaired. Such metaphors allow us to think about and discuss abstract concepts in a more concrete and relatable manner.
Conduit metaphors conceptualize communication and the transfer of information as the transmission of objects through a conduit or channel. An example is the metaphor "IDEAS ARE OBJECTS" which can be "sent," "received," or "conveyed." This metaphor reflects our understanding of communication as a process of transferring ideas from one person to another through a medium or channel.
Vu, N. N. (2016). Conceptual Metaphor and Metonymy in Cognitive Semantics. TP. HCM: ĐHSP Tp. HCM. ISBN: 9786049474415.