The process of defining and operationalizing abstract concepts into measurable variables. It is the foundation of what your questionnaire intends to measure.
A construct is a theoretical concept or trait that cannot be directly observed or measured. To understand why or how something happens, we must look at these invisible drivers.
How do we measure the unmeasurable?
Clearly articulate what the concept means in your specific context.
Break the construct down into subcomponents.
Create specific statements for the questionnaire.
"I can understand English podcasts without subtitles."
Remember: Each construct is usually represented by multiple items to enhance measurement accuracy.
| Construct | Definition | Sample Items |
|---|---|---|
|
Language Anxiety
|
Learner’s nervousness in using a second language. | "I get nervous when I have to speak English in class." |
| "I worry about making mistakes when speaking English." |
Avoid vague or abstract wording. Questions must be understood instantly.
Each item must relate directly to the construct you intend to measure.
Use similar scale formats (e.g., all 5-point Likert scales) to reduce cognitive load.
Avoid leading, biased, or double-barreled questions (asking two things at once).
Use existing literature to support your definitions. Don't reinvent the wheel without reason.
Are the items measuring the same thing?
Testing dimensionality and validity.
Ensuring the construct stands up to scrutiny.